Malaysia: Reference Materials

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Malaysia: MSM Country Snapshots – Country Specific Information on HIV, Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and Transgender People (TG). UNAIDS, Asia Pacific Coalition on Male Sexual Health, and HIV and AIDS Data Hub for Asia-Pacific (2010)

MSM Country Snapshots – Country Specific Information on hiv,
men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people (TG)
AUGUST 2010
VERSION 2

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UNGASS Country Progress Report: Malaysia. AIDS/STD Section Disease Control Division Malaysia (2010)

Malaysia initiated the process of consultation in preparation of the 2010 UNGASS Country Progress Report in early November 2009. It was a matter of priority and concern for both the Government and civil society partners that this report would be able to capture as much of the opinions and viewpoints of not only that of the Government but most importantly those of the many civil society stakeholders in the response to HIV in Malaysia.

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Operational Plan on HIV 2010-11: Maldives. National AIDS Programme Maldives (2010)

The OP 2010-11 is built on the seven strategic directions as lined out in NSP 2007-11. The GFATM proposal and budget does not follow the same outline 100%, but operates with nine objectives instead of seven and has a bias for IDU/DU of the MARP populations.

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AIDS in Malaysia. Resource Center, Malaysian AIDS Council (2009)

- No. Of New HIV Infections, AIDS Cases and AIDS Deaths by Gender per Year Reported in Malaysia (From 1986 Until 2009)
- Total Number of HIV/AIDS Cases and Related Deaths Reported in Malaysia (From 1986 Until 2009)
- Total Number of HIV/AIDS Cases and Related Deaths Reported in Malaysia (1986-2008 and 2009)

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Female Sex Workers and their Clients Interventions through Sexual and Reproductive Health. Federation of Reproductive Health Associations, Malaysia (2009)

Condom use:
- With new clients: only 69% of the sex workers used condoms all the time when having vaginal sex.
- With regular clients: 59.1% of the respondents used condoms all the time.

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Risk Behavior and HIV Prevalence among MSM: A Venue-Based Study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Kanter J, Koh C, Razali K, et al (2009)

Study Objectives:

To determine the HIV prevalence, transmission risk factors, and level of knowledge about HIV transmission methods among the MSM community of Kuala Lumpur.

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A Review of Strategies and Policies of the National Anti-Drugs Agency. Kaur S (2009)

- The drug of choice in Malaysia is opiate-based drugs (heroine and morphine) and marijuana
- In the past decade, annually more than 35,000 drug addicts are identified in the country

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The 3rd. National Strategy on AIDS - Reducing HIV Vulnerability among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) and Their Sex Partners. The Needle Syringe Exchange Programme and MMT Program (2009)

Harm reduction

1. Methadone Maintenance Therapy to achieve 25,000 coverage by 2010

2. Needle Syringe Exchange Program to achieve 15,000 Coverage by 2010

3. Safe Sex (Condom use) for the HIV+ve and those who have sex with HIV+ve or unknown HIV status partners

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Improving Access and Coverage to Prevention and Treatment Programmes. Lee CK (2009)

Where to access Care? •Treatment mainly centered in government facilities. •Primary Care: all KlinikKesihatan(MOH) •All government hospitals •Tertiary care in the state referral hospitals & university hospitals

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malaysia

The boundaries and names shown and the official designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations

Country Profile

The first reported HIV case in Malaysia was in 1986. By the end of 2009, an estimated 100,000 adults and children (up from 67,000 in 2001) were living with HIV, of which 11,000 were women 15 years and older [1]. The estimated adult prevalence was 0.5% in 2009, up from 0.4% in 2001 [1]. According to the 2010 UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, there were an estimated 10,000 people newly infected with HIV and 5,800 deaths due to AIDS in 2009 (up from 3,900 in 2001).

Malaysia is experiencing a concentrated HIV epidemic. Overall, the primary mode of HIV infection is through injecting drug use but there is now ample evidence that heterosexual transmission has increased over the last few years followed by infections due to homosexual intercourse [2]. Women are increasingly becoming infected through heterosexual intercourse, reaching 18% of reported new HIV infections in 2009 [3].

HIV prevalence was high among key affected and vulnerable populations. In 2009, HIV prevalence was 22.1% among injecting drug users, up from the 11% reported in 2007 [4]; 10.5% among female sex workers [4]; 3.9% among men who have sex with men [5]; and 9.3% among transgender persons [4]. As of 2009, 0.06% of the 1,021,542 migrant workers screened for HIV were reported positive [6].

The majority of cumulative HIV and AIDS cases from 1986 to 2009 was found amongst the Malays (71%), followed by the Chinese (14%) and the Indians (8%) [2].The primary mode of HIV transmission varies by ethnicity. For instance, HIV acquired through injecting drug use was most commonly found in Malay and Indian ethnic groups. On the other hand, heterosexual transmission was most prevalent amongst Chinese Malaysians. Small proportions of cases were found among the indigenous population and those living in the East Malaysia states, Sabah and Sarawak.

Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV are persistent. In addition, some legal issues relate to HIV and AIDS in Malaysia as follows:

Male-to-male sex is criminalized by virtue of Section 377A of the Penal Code (Act No. 574) and, in certain states, by Sharia Law.
The Women and Girls Protection Act prohibits the following [7]:
- Procurement of a female for the purpose of sex work
- Detention of a female in a brothel or any other place against her will with the intent that she may be employed or used for the purpose of sex work
- Trafficking in female persons;
- Management of a public place used for the purpose of sex work
- Living off earnings of sex work
The Minor Offenses Act also includes, under the ‘Idle and Disorderly Persons’ section, a law that states that “every prostitute behaving in a disorderly or indecent manner in or near any public road or in any place of public resort” can be penalized [8].
Malaysia retains the death penalty for offences related to drug trafficking.
The possession of needles and syringes without a medical prescription is prohibited [2].
Transgender persons are prosecuted under civil law as well as religious laws for cross-dressing offences [2].

Sources:

[1] UNAIDS , Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2010

[2] Malaysia, UNGASS Country Progress Report, 2010

[3] Malaysia, AIDS/STI Unit, Ministry of Health , Malaysian AIDS Council, AIDS in Malaysia, 2009

[4] Malaysia Integrated Bio-Behavioural Surveillance (IBBS), 2009, cited in Malaysia UNGASS Country Progress Report, 2010

[5] Malaysia, Venue-Day-Time-Sampling (VDTS) Study, 2009, cited in UNGASS Country Progress Report, 2010

[6] Malaysia, Ministry of Health, 2010, cited in UNGASS Country Progress Report, 2010

[7] www.protectionproject.org (2008) Malaysia.

[8] Laws of Malaysia, Minor Offences Act 336. 1955

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The data on www.aidsdatahub.org are obtained from published sources. They do not necessarily represent the official view of the United Nations and the Asian Development Bank.